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4 entries this month
 

Its about time..

19:06 Nov 21 2008
Times Read: 831


something in video was published on the Birkeland currents..

Bare with me though,Im moving this old stuff around,so my apologies if you have seen this before in my older stuff.



Its about time

21:51:25 - Aug 12 2008

Times Read: 54



ADMIN: | EDIT | DELETE











AGU Member





JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 86, NO. A13, PAGES 11,201–11,210, 1981



Birkeland Currents as the Cause of the Low-Latitude Asymmetric Disturbance Field



Nancy U. Crooker



Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024









George L. Siscoe



Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024









Abstract

The low-latitude asymmetric disturbance field, which is so prominent during the developing stage of a magnetic storm and which traditionally has been attributed to a dusk-centered partial ring current, recently has been interpreted by Harel et al. (1981) to be the result of incomplete cancellation of their computer-simulated region 1 and region 2 Birkeland currents over local time, with net current flowing into the ionosphere at noon and out at midnight. The new interpretation has the advantage of being based on an observed current system rather than on a hypothetical one. We explore the Birkeland current explanation quantitatively in terms of a simple analytical model, the details of which are given separately in an appendix. The residual current arises as a result of the divergence of the Hall current at the conductivity discontinuity at the poleward boundary of the auroral oval. This effect rotates the pattern of region 1 Birkeland currents relative to region 2 currents and produces the net current at noon and midnight. The model gives a simple expression for the amplitude G of the resulting disturbance at the equator in terms of the polar cap potential Φ and the height-integrated Hall conductivity Σ A H in the auroral oval: G(nT) ≈ 0.017 Φ (kV) Σ A H (mhos). The equivalent current pattern for the model is presented and compared to the equivalent current pattern for a similar model developed by Vasyliunas for the substorm. Combining the two patterns in a time-dependent model can account for the observed pattern of phase shifting of the low-latitude asymmetry during substorms.



Electric Currents and Transmission Lines in Space

The plasma universe consists of swirling streams of electrons and ions flowing in filaments. Where pairs of these spaghettilike structures interact, the particle gain kinetic energy and at narrow 'pinch' regions produce the entire range of galaxy types as well as the full spectrum of cosmic electromagnetic radiation. Thus galaxies must lie 'like pearl beads on a necklace' along filaments, much as they are observed to do on a large scale. The bulk of the filaments are invisible from a distance, much like the Birkeland currents that circle the Earth but are invisible from its surface.



In space, these currents are called Birkeland Currents, in honor of the 19th century physicist who suggested their existence. In the laboratory, they are called Bennett-pinches, Z-pinches, or 'Zed' pinches. In 1934 W. H. Bennett discovered that streams of electrons flowing in the axial or Z-direction, self pinch from the magnetic field they generate around themselves





Dynamical Characteristics of Plasmas

It is the global dynamics and systematic interactions of astrophysical plasmas that allow energy to be conveyed over great distances. The evolution of cosmic plasma that includes its structuring into cells results in a relative motion, however slow, of plasma clouds whose dimensions may be measured in hundreds or megaparsecs or gigaparsecs. All plasma clouds may be considered a system: they are coupled by electrical currents (charged particles beams) they induce in each other. These beams are the source of energy transfer from large, slow moving plasma to smaller plasma regions that may release the energy abruptly or cause local plasmas to pinch to the condense state.



Power Generation and Transmission

On earth, power is generated by nuclear and nonnuclear fuels, hydro and solar energy, and to a much lesser extent, by geothermal sources and magnetohydrodynamic generators. Always, the location of the supply is not the location of major power usage or dissipation. Transmission lines are used to convey the power generated to the load region. As an example, abundant hydroelectric resources in the Pacific Northwest of the United States produce power ($sim $1,500 MW) that is then transmitted to Los Angeles, 1,330 km away, via 800 kV high-efficiency dc transmission lines. In optical and infrared emission, only the load region, Los Angeles, is visible from the light and heat it dissipates in power usage. The transmission line is invisible.



This situation is also true in space. With the coming of the space age and the subsequent discovery of magnetospheric-ionospheric electrical circuits, Kirchoff's circuit laws were suddenly catapulted to dimensions eight orders of magnitude larger than that previously investigated in the laboratory and nearly four orders of magnitude greater than that associated with the longest power distribution systems on earth.



On earth, transmission lines consist of metallic conductors or waveguides in which energy is made to flow via the motion of free electrons (currents) in the metal or in displacement currents in a time varying electric field. Often strong currents within the line allow the transmission of power many orders of magnitude stronger than that possible with weak currents. This is because a current associated with the flow of electrons produces a self-magnetic field that helps to confine or pinch the particle flow. Magnetic-insulation is commonly used in pulsed-power technology to transmit large amounts of power from the generator to the load without suffering a breakdown due to leakage currents caused by high electric potentials.



There is a tendency for charged particles to follow magnetic lines of force and this forms the basis of transmission lines in space. In the magnetosphere-ionosphere, a transmission line 7-8 earth radii in length ($R_e$ = 6,350 km) can convey tens of terawatts of power, that derives from the solar wind-magnetosphere coupling. The transmission line is the earth's dipole magnetic field lines along which electrons and ions are constrained to flow. The driving potential is solar-wind induced plasma moving across the magnetic field lines at large radii. The result is an electrical circuit in which electric currents cause the formation of auroras at high latitude in the upper atmosphere on earth. This aurora mechanism is observed on Jupiter, Io, Saturn, Uranus, and is thought to have been detected on Neptune and perhaps, Venus.



Only the aurora discharge is visible at optical wavelengths to an observer. The source and transmission line are invisible. Before the coming of space probes, in situ measurement was impossible and exotic explanations were often given of auroras. This is probably true of other non in situ cosmic plasmas today. The existence of a megaampere flux tube of current, connecting the Jovian satellite Io to its mother planet, was verified with the passage of the Voyager spacecraft.



Electrical Discharges in Cosmic Plasma

An electrical discharge is a sudden release of electric or magnetic stored energy. This generally occurs when the electromagnetic stress exceeds some threshold for breakdown that is usually determined by small scale properties of the energy transmission medium. As such, discharges are local phenomena and are usually accompanied by violent processes such as rapid heating, ionization, the creation of pinched and filamentary conduction channels, particle acceleration [Melrose 1997], and the generation of prodigious amounts of electromagnetic radiation.



As an example, multi-terawatt pulsed-power generators on earth rely on strong electrical discharges to produce intense particle beams, X rays, and microwaves. Megajoules of energy are electrically stored in capacitor banks, whose volume may encompass 250 m$^3$. This energy is then transferred to a discharge region, located many meters from the source, via a transmission line. The discharge region, or load, encompasses at most a few cubic centimeters of space, and is the site of high-variability, intense, electromagnetic radiation.



On earth, lightning is another example of the discharge mechanism at work where electrostatic energy is stored in clouds whose volume may be of the order of 3,000 km$^3$. This energy is released in a few cubic meters of the discharge channel.



The aurora is a discharge caused by the bombardment of atoms in the upper atmosphere by 1-20 keV electrons and 200 keV ions spiraling down the earth's magnetic field lines at high latitudes. Here, the electric field accelerating the charged particles derives from plasma moving across the earth's dipole magnetic field lines many earth radii into the magnetosphere. The potential energy generated by the plasma motion is fed to the upper atmosphere by multi-megaampere Birkeland currents that comprise a transmission line, 50,000 kilometers in length, as they flow into and out of the discharge regions at the polar horns. The generator region may encompass $10^{12}-10^{13}$ km$^3$ while the total discharge volume can be $10^9-10^{10}$ km$^3$.



Flickering of Electromagnetic Radiation

The flickering of a light in Los Angeles does not mean that the the supply source, a waterfall or hydroelectric dam in the Pacific Northwest, has abruptly changed dimensions or any other physical property. The flickering comes from electrical changes at the observed load or {it radiative source}, such as the formation of instabilities or virtual anodes or cathodes in charged particle beams that are orders of magnitude smaller than the supply. Bizarre and interesting non-physical interpretations are obtained if the flickering light is interpreted by a distant observer to be both the source and supply. This also holds true for astrophysical plasmas. As discussed earlier, space is not vacuum but rather filled with plasma whose properties, in volume, differ little from those in the laboratory or magnetospheres. And plasmas exhibit large {it system} global properties, such as the transfer of energy over great distances to smaller regions where it may be systematically or catastrophically released.

More information ...

http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/wcurrent.html







COMMENTS

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Infernalmage
Infernalmage
05:51 Nov 25 2008

Excellent!!!





Oceanne
Oceanne
07:10 Nov 25 2008

Thought you might find this handy.;)





dabbler
dabbler
01:43 Dec 12 2008

Is this to possibly become a accepted as a new branch of science?





Oceanne
Oceanne
02:14 Dec 12 2008

No Dab,it is an old discovery that has finally been validated .





 

The Bermuda Triangle..

07:44 Nov 13 2008
Times Read: 877


UFO hot spot? Portal to another dimension?Is it really paranormal? Or rather, a case of weather,methane or even Nucleonic Energy?


COMMENTS

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Cheetahcry
Cheetahcry
22:10 Nov 13 2008

Hmmm now that is a very big question. I believe that its a portal to another deminsion. I don't know and can't explein the feeling that I get on it but that is what I feel. Hmm something else to research on. *smiles*





Oceanne
Oceanne
18:32 Nov 14 2008

Hahah so much research,so little time.





 

What are we

17:07 Nov 12 2008
Times Read: 904


and where does it all come from? Wow, wouldnt we love to be able to answer that question.

Here is some food for thought....



Gravity and the suggested shapes ...

Is source of gravity in the universe related to its shape? This is a self evident assumption, whose answer implies that the source of gravity in the universe must be linked to the shape of the universe and consequently that affects the flow of energy or gravity therein.



The geometry, symmetry and mathematics of the universe.

There are many suggested shapes for the universe, but the most common based on the theory of relativity were the sphere, the saddle and the doughnut. The three most speculated based on the degree of curvature in the universe were the sphere, the saddle and the flat universe. Super symmetry hints in a logical manner at the consistent relation between the laws of the universe at a fundamental level, it is inevitable to realize the connection between the shape of the universe, its mathematics and to reach the conclusion that the shape of the universe has a basic effect on the flaw of energy, gravity and its relation to the symmetry that is inherent in nature (the nature of evolving and branching upwards of the many life forms on earth) and on the laws of the universe in general.



The extra dimensions of string theory

that pointed to a connection between what goes on in the depth of matter and in the seven heavens, layers of hells and the seven earths and their description, and the related verses from the Quran,the bible and other religious writings, assist in the conclusion that sound does indeed play a major role in our exsistance.












COMMENTS

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Strange phenomenon ..is it really paranormal?

20:20 Nov 02 2008
Times Read: 938


I hear of hundreds of spooky accounts of strange lights,sounds,feelings.When I look into them closer,more often than not, many have a thing in common...they normally occur along fault lines known as subduction zones.

Many odd things can happen along these fault lines..



BALL LIGHTNING does not look like "lightning." Instead, it usually appears as a mysterious glowing sphere which drifts horizontally through the air. It is typically the size of a grapefruit, but sometimes appears as small as a pea, or as large as a bus. It sometime hovers at a few feet or tens of feet altitude, but can also bounce along the ground. It usually lasts only a few seconds, but sometimes persists much longer. Various colors of "BL" have been seen, sometimes it changes colors, and sometimes it has internal structures such as glowing layers or moving sparks. Sometimes it disappears silently, other times it explodes with extreme violence.



At one time BL was thought to be extremely rare, but this was because most BL eyewitnesses feared ridicule and wouldn't come forward. In reality, five percent of the population has seen BL close up. Today most researchers agree that it is real, yet its nature is still highly controversial, and no sensible theories yet exist to explain it. (For example, BL cannot be hot plasma, since plasma would be much lighter than air and would immediately rise like fire, or like a balloon.) See Scientific American's Ask the Experts under BALL LIGHTNING, also SAINT ELMO'S FIRE



http://amasci.com/tesla/ballgtn.html



UFOs ..Sprites and Thunderstorms ?

As you know, I am very skeptical of claims that UFOs are real. I feel that evidence showing that UFOs are real is sorely lacking, and it surprises me how fervently people will believe in cases that have little substance. When I heard Stanton Friedman speak, I was quite surprised that he considered the Barney and Betty Hill case part of the proof that UFOs are real and we are being visited by alien spacecraft on a regular basis. To me, believing that Barney and Betty's abduction was a real event seems to rely more on wishful thinking than on anything of substance.



Does it matter if people believe in UFOs even though they are not real? Yes, it does. Devoting one's life to a fictitious belief is a terrible and unproductive waste of time and energy. There are so many interesting and exciting things in the real world and our time here is limited.



Being overly credulous may hide some real and unrecognized phenomena from view, or at least delay its recognition. Scientists tend to be reluctant to devote time and energy pursuing claims or ideas that seem farfetched or unlikely to be true. Much of this attitude is probably due to the large number and wide range of unusual claims and the overly credulous attitude of many people making such claims. It is likely that some real and interested phenomena may be buried in the noise.



A good example is a recent discovery about lightning. Lightning has been studied for about two centuries, and scientists felt that it was fairly well understood. Recently and unexpectedly a whole new class of lightning was discovered. Flashing upward from thunderheads are two new types of lightning---red sprites and blue jets. The red sprites, which may be pink or red, are many miles wide and rise to heights of 60 miles. Blue jets are cone shaped with their apex atop the clouds. They extend to heights of about 20 miles. While red sprites appear all at once, the blue jets move upward from the cloud tops.



The new class of lightning was first photographed by accident in 1989 when a retired physicist, Dr. John R. Winckler, was helping a friend try out a new low light video camera. A check of videos of thunderstorms taken by the space shuttles revealed more examples of this new and strange lightning. Soon searches for the phenomena were easily succeeding and it is now being widely investigated.



These forms of lightning eluded science because they are not as obvious as common lightning. They are rarer, fainter, and faster than normal lightning. They were, however, reported before they were recognized as something real. Airline pilots had sometimes seen them, and the May, 1995, issue of Sky & Telescope contains a letter from Stuart L. Becher. He writes that he is personally gratified that the sprite phenomena has at last been recognized as real, and then relates witnessing them twenty-five years ago when he was serving in Vietnam. Although he reported his observations to physicists and atmospheric scientists, most were indifferent.



People who are interested in anomalous phenomena claim scientists should take such phenomena more seriously, and should not be indifferent to reports such as that of Mr. Becher. Such reports might be taken more seriously if people interested in unusual phenomena would take science more seriously and become more critical. The perception that they will believe almost anything hurts their credibility, makes it unlikely they will be taken seriously, and may well slow the recognition of new and unrecognized phenomena.

http://www.amasci.com/weird/unusual/sprite.html



Crystal magic? Energy sucking crystals?

This is not magic. In order to help to exceed the Vf of the crystal diode, we could instead place a step-up transformer between the antenna/ground section and the rest of the circuit. But there is some magic to be had: if we place a parallel LC circuit between the antenna and ground, we can eliminate the antenna/ground capacitance, and we can actually increase the net amount of energy received by the antenna as if the antenna was electrically larger. The tuned circuit in a crystal radio is *not* simply a bandpass filter. Instead its oscillations grow as it takes in energy, which *drives* the receiving antenna and creates a strong EM field. And this EM field then "funnels" the incoming EM waves to the antenna which would otherwise pass right by. (Or from another viewpoint, the resonator drives the receiving antenna, causing it to emit an EM sphere-wave which superposes with the incoming waves to form a diffraction pattern... and this diffraction pattern takes the form of an "EM shadow" which appears downstream from the receiving antenna: a shadow-region where some EM energy is missing. The missing energy has gone inside the crystal radio.)





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